BREAST CANCER

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BREAST CANCER

1. INTRODUCTION.

This writing is intended to supply the patients, patient’s family, students and practitioner with a working knowledge of common and rare or noted information of health and life are based on the experiences, statistics,value,reference books and website publications.
Noted means specially marked or noticed: well known and highly regarded: Famous [Webster’s dictionary].
The first topic of this writing in this blogspot is BREAST CANCER.
The content consists of:

1. INTRODUCTION.
2. NORMAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BREAST.
3. BREAST LUMPS IN GENERAL.
4. DEFINITION OF BREAST CANCER [BC].
5. SITUATION AND STATISTICS .
6. THE CAUSE
7. THE TYPE .
8. THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS.
9. THE STAGE .
10. DIAGNOSTIC AND TESTS.
11. TREATMENTS.
12. RECONSTRUCTION OF BREAST.
13. AFTER TREATMENT
14. PROGNOSIS [OUTLOOK]
15. PREVENTION.

2. NORMAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BREAST.

ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS: A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the breast is essential to forestall errors in operative procedures. The breasts consist of lobes, ducts, stroma [connective tissue], fat and skin. The essential anatomy of the breasts and nearby structures are with muscles, lymph nodes, nerves, arteries, veins, ribs and skin.

Figure 1: [A] Essential Anatomy: 1, Deltoid muscle; 2, cephalic vein; 3, coracoid process; 4, axillary artery; 5, axillary vein; 6, clavicle; 7, subclavicle muscle; 8, pectoral minor muscle; 9, pectoral major muscle; 10, thoraco-dorsal nerve; 12, branches of brachial plexus; 13, short thoracic vessels.

[B] Lymphatic distribution: 1, Deep cervical nodes; 2, apical nodes; 3, sub-scapular nodes; 4, pectoral nodes; 5, lateral axillary nodes; 6, intra-clavicular nodes.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BREAST FOR LACTATION.
Many hormones are necessary for full mammary gland development. In all species ovarian hormone estrogen are primary responsible for proliferation of the mammary ducts and progesterone for the development of the lobules [lobes] and alveoli. Oxytocin causes contraction of the myo-epithelial cells lining the duct walls, with consequent ejection of milk through the nipple. Suckling not only evokes reflex oxytocin release and milk ejection, it also maintains and augments the secretion. [continued]